Topic 3: Data, Information, and Knowledge
This topic will address the following:
- how to obtain new data, information, and knowledge including detection, collection, and instrumentation
- how to move form data to information to knowledge and
- ways of enhancing the value of data, information, and knowledge by making it more discoverable, accessible, widely shared, and understandable.
Paper 019
Abstract Title: Improving Quality of Information in Multi-Genre Composite Networks
Point of Contact (POC): David Alberts
POC Email Address: dalberts@ida.org
POC Phone Number: 703 845 2411
POC Organization: IDA
Country: US
Authors: Reginald Hobbs - Army research Laboratory
David S. Alberts - Institute for Defense Analyses
Abstract: The success of military forces depends, to a significant degree, upon their ability to disseminate information efficiently and effectively under a variety of circumstances and conditions. It is hypothesized that context-aware information networks can, by dynamically adjusting the ‘richness’ of the information provided to users as a function of communication network connectivity and performance, improve the average quality of information (QoI) and thus improve overall composite network agility. This paper reports upon the findings of an experiment that simulates the dynamic interactions between and among a communications network, an information network and a cognitive/social network (a multi-genre or composite network) that is tasked with achieving a mission-determined level of shared awareness.
Paper 021
Abstract Title: Seven C’s of Data Curation, for 2 C's of C2
Point of Contact (POC): Marius Vassiliou
POC Email Address: mvassili@ida.org
POC Phone Number: 703-887-8189
POC Organization: Institute for Defense Analyses
Country: USA
Authors: Agre, Jonathan, Institute for Defense Analyses
Vassiliou, Marius, Institute for Defense Analyses
Paper 039
Abstract Title: Human Factors Engineering: An Enabler for Military Transformation Through Effective Integration of Technology and Personnel
Point of Contact (POC): Ms. Amanda George
POC Email Address: Amanda.george@navy.mil
POC Phone Number: 619 553 2066
POC Organization: Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific
Country: US
Authors: Captain George Galdorisi (U.S. Navy – Retired), Ms. Amanda George, Mr. Michael Morris
Paper 040
Abstract Title: Finding the ‘RITE’ Acquisition Environment for Navy C2 Software
Point of Contact (POC): Ms. Amanda George
POC Email Address: Amanda.george@navy.mil
POC Phone Number: 619 553 2066
POC Organization: Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific
Country: US
Authors: Captain George Galdorisi (U.S. Navy – Retired), Ms. Amanda George, Dr. Deborah Gill-Hasselgrave
Paper 043
Abstract Title: Successful Adaptation of Information Management through Behavioral Isomorphisms[MSP1]
Point of Contact (POC): Jason Bryant
POC Email Address: Jason.Bryant.8@us.af.mil
POC Phone Number: 315-330-7670
POC Organization: Air Force Research Laboratory
Country: USA
Authors: Jason Bryant
Paper 045
Abstract Title: Effective Integration of NLP and Semantic Technologies for C2 and Beyond
Point of Contact (POC): FRANCISCO LOAIZA
POC Email Address: floaiza@ida.org
POC Phone Number: 703-845-6876
POC Organization: INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES
Country: United States
Authors: LOAIZA, Francisco, Institute for Defense Analyses
WARTIK, Steve, Institute for Defense Analyses
ROLFE, Robert, Institute for Defense Analyses
Abstract: Modern Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques offer a robust set of capabilities for rapid and efficient processing of large collections of documents, e.g., concept of operations, lessons learned, intelligence reports. However, they still require a strong human-in-the-loop (HITL) component to produce actionable information. Semantic technologies, on the other hand, can perform detailed data reduction and manipulation on well-defined subject areas. There is, therefore, a need to understand how best to leverage the strengths of each one of these technologies. This paper presents two case studies that are representative of the typical NLP/Semantics integration issues to be considered and provides an assessment of how best to approach similar activities both in the C2 and in other Army mission areas.
Paper 049
Abstract Title: MIP Information Model - A Semantic Reference and Its Ecosystem
Point of Contact (POC): Michael Gerz
POC Email Address: michael.gerz@fkie.fraunhofer.de
POC Phone Number: +49 228 9435 414
POC Organization: Fraunhofer FKIE
Country: Germany
Authors: Michael Gerz, Nico Bau
Abstract: The Multilateral Interoperability Programme (MIP), a military standardization body comprising 26 member nations and NATO, has defined the MIP Information Model (MIM). The MIM provides a semantic foundation for information exchange in the C2 domain. It embodies all operational concepts of its predecessor, the widely adopted JC3IEDM.
The MIM is designed with regard to readability, modularity, extensibility, semantic strictness, and model consistency. It employs state-of-the-art modelling techniques and tools based on the Unified Modelling Language (UML). The model is not tied to a specific exchange technology but facilitates the efficient development of data exchange schemas. At the same time focusing on semantic aspects eases communication between and among operational subject matter experts and system engineers.
The MIM is complemented with a comprehensive suite of software tools that enable the adoption and adaptation of the MIM: For instance, one of the tools allows defining tailored messages (or service payload), which are structurally compliant with the overall model. A library of model transformations allows deriving exchange technology-specific models from the MIM. A normative XML schema and an ontology in OWL format will be available in February 2015. Validation tools ensure that all pieces of the MIM (class model, examples, diagrams, and documentation) fit together. All tools are built on top of Sparx Enterprise Architect, the UML modelling tool used for the MIM. They are available as open source software at https://www.mimworld.org.
The MIP Information Model represents a valuable contribution to the service design for future mission networks, data modelling efforts within NATO, and specific communities and organizations within and related to the C2 domain. The MIM can be considered a toolbox: by following a tool-supported process, traceability from service specifications back to the MIM is guaranteed. When using the MIM, information exchanged across multiple services will be consistent and composeable.
Paper 053
Abstract Title: C2 Success and Failure in Major Combat Operations: A Statistical Analysis
Point of Contact (POC): Jonathan Czarnecki
POC Email Address: jczarne@nps.edu
POC Phone Number: 831-656-2653
POC Organization: Naval War College Monterey, Monterey, California
Country: United States
Authors: Czarnecki, Jonathan, Naval War college
Paper 066
Abstract Title: Fog of Data
Point of Contact (POC): Henry R. Salmans III
POC Email Address: Henry.Salmans.ctr@mcw.usmc.mil
POC Phone Number: 785 840 7066
POC Organization: Kansas City Information Technology Center
Country: USA
Authors: Colonel Thomas A. Summers, USAF, Lieutenant Colonel Michael M. Cho, USMC (Retired), Lieutenant Colonel Jeffrey L. Hammond, USMC, Major Henry R. Salmans III, USMC (Retired)
Abstract: Effective execution of warfare across the spectrum of conflict post the Rumsfeld transformation requires extensive use of technology in order to provide every relevant piece of available data to the warfighter from tactical to strategic. Strategic analysis, operational planning, and tactical execution realities have forced leaders at all levels to incorporate filtering methodologies in order to suss out critical weaknesses and opportunities. The Successful commanders have an innate and often mysterious coup d'oeil that quickly discerns battlefield situation and creates an operational overlay that aids them in effective tasking of subordinates and shaping support requests from higher. Raw data, absorbed through various lenses and functionaries, synthesized by a staff for the commander reinforces or disproves the commander’s understanding of the battle. Data and information are still relatively dubious as assets to a commander; knowledge and wisdom are the key products necessary to be effective in battle. Heretofore untapped tools and inferences derived from big data analytics show promise as to more quickly develop tactically efficient responses by understanding how disciplined metabolization of big data can transform the currently visceral, and mysterious, decision making processes. By bringing more science to the art of war a more empirical based process can potentially present with more credibility often counter-intuitive courses of action. The counter-conventional proposition is to focus away from big data as a means unto itself by maturing a discipline that avoids the “dashboard” of data to the commander while offering a model, which requires more effective communication both vertically as well as laterally.
This paper will: (1) introduce the synthesis of big-data as applies to Command and Control in principle and practice, (2) describe the methodology that supports modern approaches to the synthesis of big data, and (3) discuss issues related to interpreting big data for the modern battlefield.
Disclaimer
This paper presents the views of the authors and does not represent any official position within the Department of Defense.
Paper 090
Abstract Title: Concepts for Collaboration in Campaign Design
Point of Contact (POC): Eric A. Domeshek
POC Email Address: Domeshek@stottlerhenke.com
POC Phone Number: 617 945 8350
POC Organization: Stottler Henke Associates, Inc
Country: USA
Authors: Eric A. Domeshek, David Spangler, Daniel Tuohy
Paper 104
Abstract Title: Homogeneity analysis of risk-related features in asymmetric conflict based on interpretable statistical machine learning
Point of Contact (POC): Jyh-Charn Liu
POC Email Address: liu@cse.tamu.edu
POC Phone Number: 979 845 8739
POC Organization: Computer Science & Engineering Department of TAMU
Country: USA
Authors: Xing Wang, Stephen George, Jason Lin, Benke Qu, Jyh-Charn Liu
Paper 106
Abstract Title: Attack zone segmentation and its applications for strategic and tactical situational awareness
Point of Contact (POC): Jyh-Charn Liu
POC Email Address: liu@cse.tamu.edu
POC Phone Number: 979 845 8739
POC Organization: Computer Science & Engineering Department of TAMU
Country: USA
Authors: Benke Qu, Jason Lin, Xing Wang, Stephen M. George, Jyh-Charn Liu
Abstract: This paper studies the temporal and spatial distributions of Improvised Explosive Device (IED) and Direct Fire (DF) attacks based on historical asymmetric conflicts (AC) data in Afghanistan for the time period of 2011-2012. The first study objective is classification of attack zones along major corridors based on segmentation techniques. Next, we generalize the segmentation process to remaining areas. Attack density, and spatial and temporal distances of events will be considered in the modeling process. Other information sources, such as settlement maps, remote sensing maps, and tribal and religious affiliations, will be used to infer predominating factors in the choice of the attack zones. The MECH model (Monitor, Emplacement, and Control in a Halo) can be used to predict the high utility locations best suited for placement of a control node responsible for directing the activities of attack teams in each attack zone. Each attack is associated with a troop movement. As a part of the study, we will employ time series analysis techniques (normalization pre-processing, Fourier transform, modeling fitting, etc.) to assess randomness of the attack times and therefore predictability of troops’ movements.
Paper 107
Abstract Title: An Approach to Data FUsion Using JC3IEDM Model and the Record Linkage Technique
Point of Contact (POC): Luciene Carvalho Corrêa de Souza
POC Email Address: lucienecarvalho@gmail.com
POC Phone Number: (+55 21) 98306-2251
POC Organization: Military Institute of Engineering
Country: Brazil
Authors: Luciene Carvalho Corrêa de Souza, Wallace Anacleto Pinheiro
Paper 114
Abstract Title: Conceptual Integration and Interoperability (I&I) of Standardized Network-Centric Architectures and Applicable Design Patterns
Point of Contact (POC): Jayson Durham
POC Email Address: jayson.durham@navy.mil
POC Phone Number: 619 553 2344
POC Organization: SSC Pacific
Country: USA
Authors: Jayson Durham and Jason Duran
Abstract: For supporting distributed network-centric operations, a cloud-based experimentation framework is under development for addressing federated data-sharing and data-synchronization challenges [1]. Initial experiments incorporate virtual networks of Distributed Data Framework (DDF) and associated DCGS (Distributed Common Ground Station) Integrated Backbone (DIB) nodes, within the overarching distributed-computing context of the Defense Intelligence Information Environment (DI2E) tools, resources, and enterprise services. The overall objective of the experimentation framework is to develop reliable, robust, and resilient maritime ISR communications and networking support capabilities that can be trusted to operate within contested anti-access area-denial (A2/AD) environments. Thus, a virtual-networking experimentation framework is being established for ongoing cloud-computing oriented model-based system-of-systems (MBSE/SOSE) experimentation support.
The work discussed herein focuses on how such cloud-based virtual-network experimentation capabilities can be leveraged for also supporting an ongoing MBSE/SOSE initiative that addresses both integration and interoperability (I&I) and incremental-development challenges [2-3]. Such overarching and broader-scope goals and objectives work to incorporate incremental I&I improvements. Of particular interest is the conceptual harmonization of system architectures, reference models and their meta-models. Current efforts focus on establishing support for the evolution and mapping across a potentially wide range of independently developed and standardized reference models, architectures, platform-independent models (PIMs), and respective application-specific variants. Thus, within a more semantically grounded and enriched context, all stakeholders may be able to more collaboratively address I&I challenges early within the requirements engineering phases of the respective system lifecycles within their respective scope of MBSE/SOSE responsibility. Due to rapidly evolving cyber and unmanned-systems capabilities, stakeholders are considered to include both human and machineagent services collaboratively working towards shared mission objectives and goals.
The work discussed in this paper focuses on extending and augmenting the above mentioned DDF/DIB experimentation framework to include additional emerging standardized architectures, open source resources, and their respective source-level build capabilities. More specifically, the work described herein focuses on how the Eclipse-based PolarSys tool suite is being utilized for adapting the DDF/DIB framework to support content delivery/distribution networking (CDN) requirements within the context of the OSD UAS Control Segment (UCS) architecture and associated UCS maritime data model [4-6]. Discussion also includes harmonization across standardized reference models and resources, such as Joint/Service Task Lists (e.g. UJTL/UNTL), National Information Exchange Model (NIEM), Coalition Battle Management Language (C-BML), and Joint Communication Simulation System (JCSS) [7-10].
Paper 115
Abstract Title: Entity-Management and Semantic-Mapping Support for Distributed Content Discovery
Point of Contact (POC): Jayson Durham
POC Email Address: jayson.durham@navy.mil
POC Phone Number: 619 553 2344
POC Organization: SSC Pacific
Country: USA
Authors: Jayson Durham, Scott McGirr, Eric Dorman, and Ron Wroblewski
Abstract: For supporting distributed network-centric operations, a cloud-based experimentation framework is under development for addressing federated data-sharing and data-synchronization challenges [1-3]. Initial experiments incorporate virtual networks of Distributed Data Framework (DDF) and associated DCGS (Distributed Common Ground Station) Integrated Backbone (DIB) nodes, within the overarching distributed-computing context of the Defense Intelligence Information Environment (DI2E) tools, resources, and enterprise services. The overall objective of the experimentation framework is to develop reliable, robust, and resilient maritime ISR communications and networking support capabilities that can be trusted to operate within contested anti-access area-denial (A2/AD) environments. Thus, a virtual-networking experimentation framework is being established for ongoing cloud-computing oriented model-based system-of-systems (MBSE/SOSE) experimentation support.
Current efforts focus on how such cloud-based virtual-network experimentation capabilities can be leveraged for demonstrating entity management and semantic mapping support capability that address emerging maritime oriented (i.e. DCGS-N) needs. In particular, DDF/DIB capabilities are being augmented to include improved annotation support services that address the need to dynamically identify features (i.e. attributes) from multiple content delivery/distribution networking (CDN) data streams, such as provided by full motion video (FMV) from unmanned tactical ISR platforms. From a workflow support perspective, the most relevant annotation results (e.g. feature recognition) of CDN FMV data feeds can be better directed to the respective stakeholders for more rapid discovery and identification of maritime objects of interest.
The paper discusses specific changes to the baseline DDF/DIB software for enabling the logical encapsulation of business, data-access, and data-transfer requirements. From an object-oriented design perspective, this entails the creation and management of business objects (BO), data-access objects (DAO), and data-transfer objects (DTO) that better support distributed net-centric operations needs.
References
[1] Durham, J., R. Gabrys, and M. Bilinski, “An Experimentation Framework for Developing Federated Data-Sharing Services Operating in Disrupted, Disconnected, Intermittent, and Limitedbandwidth (D-DIL) Environments,” 20th ICCRTS, 2015 (abstract submitted and under review)
[2] Durham, J., and Jason Duran, "A Model-Based Approach to Conceptual Integration and Interoperability (I&I) of Standardized Network-Centric Architectures, Reference Models, Meta- Models, and Applicable Design Patterns," 20th ICCRTS, 2015 (abstract submitted and under review)
[3] Durham, J., et al. Network-Centric Operations Support: Lessons Learned, Status, and Way-Ahead. 19th ICCRTS, 2014. (http://dodccrp.org/events/19th_iccrts_2014/track_chair/papers/055.pdf)
Paper 133
Abstract Title: Context Focused Intelligence Service within Big Data Environment: Knowledge Enabled Activeness, Efficiency and Precision
Point of Contact (POC): Xin Jin
POC Email Address: venus_163@163.com
POC Phone Number:
POC Organization: Science and Technology on Information Systems Engineering Laboratory
Country: P.R. China
Authors: Xin Jin, Shiqiang Zong, Youjiang Li, Shanshan Wu, Wenke Yin, Weiyi Ge